Concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) juveniles exposed to crude oil contaminated water

Authors

  • Augustine U. Orowe Department of Aquaculture and Fisheries Management, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3839-8467
  • Efe G. Ikponmwen Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Federal University Wukari, Taraba State, Nigeria https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0798-8272

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.52493/j.cote.2022.2.31

Keywords:

Crude oil, PAHs, carcinogen, Clarias gariepinus

Abstract

The concentrations of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) were investigated in the African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) juveniles exposed to crude oil using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. A total of 180 juvenile catfish of weight ranging from 7.5-8.3g (7.993 ±0.98g) and length 9.3-10.1cm (9.7 ± 0.72cm) were exposed to crude oil of varying concentrations 0.0% - 1.0% (labelled TA-TF, respectively) of crude oil for 480 h. The highest temperature value (25.25 °C) was recorded in the TF, while the highest level of dissolved oxygen was recorded in the TA (6.0 mg/l). pH values ranged from neutral (7.0) in the control to slightly alkaline (7.4 – 8.0) in the various treatment media. Significantly different (P<0.05) concentrations of PAHs were obtained with the highest level of PAHs (10.754 µg/kg) in fish from TF. The overall results showed that crude oil in the aquatic environment has negative effects on fish fauna. Fishes in oil-polluted water can accumulate PAHs in their flesh and organs; therefore, it is not advisable to consume fish from such a contaminated environment due to the high health risk associated. Regular investigation of oil-producing areas for environmental contaminants and prompt remediation of polluted areas by the authority are recommended.

References

Abbriano, R.M., Carranza, M.M., Hogle, S.L., Levin, R.A., Netburn, A.N., Seto, K.L., Snyder, S.M. and Franks, P.J.S. (2011). Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill: A review of the planktonic response. Oceanography 24(3):294 – 301, http://dx.doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2011.80.

Adeola, M.O. (1996). Present and potential sources of water pollution: effects on fish and wildlife resources. In: Aina, E. O. A. and Adedife, N. O. (Eds). FEPA Monograph 6: 191 – 197.

Akpofure, E.A., Efere, M.L. and Ayawei, P. (2000).Oil spillage in Nigeria’s Niger Delta integrated grass root impact assessment of Acute damaging effects of continuous oil spillage in Niger Delta: A paper report on spillage in Niger Delta. Port-Harcourt, 2000. https://doi.org/10.2118/167585-ms

Al-Thaiban, H., Al-Tamimi, N. and Helaleh, M. (2018). Development of QuEChERS method for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in smoked meat products using GCMS from Qatar. Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry, vol. 2018, Article ID 9206237, 11 pages. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/9206237

American Public Health Association (APHA)(1992). Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater,” in Apha, WEF and AWWA, A. E. Greenberg, L. S. Clesceri, and A. D. Eaton, Eds., p. 1134, 18th edition, American Public Health Association, Washington, DC, USA, 1992. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.82.3.476

Amzad, H. M., Yeasmin, F., Mizanur Rahman, S.M. and Rana, S. (2014) Naphthalene, a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon in the fish samples from the Bangsai River of Bangladesh by gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry. Arabian Journal of Chemistry 7: 976-980 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2010.12.014

Arowojolu, I. M., Tongu, S. M., Itodo, A. U., Sodre, F. F., Kyenge, B. A., & Nwankwo, R. C. (2021). Investigation of sources, ecological and health risks of sedimentary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in River Benue, Nigeria. Environmental technology & innovation, 22, 101457. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2021.101457

Azad, M. (2005). Toxicity of water-soluble fractions of four fuels on Metaysidopsis insularis, an indigenous tropical mysid species. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 104:37 – 44. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-005-6400-0

Bat, L., Akbulut,M.,Culha,M.,Gundogdu, A. and Satilmis , H.H.(2000).Effect of temperature on the toxicity of zinc copper and lead to the freshwater amphipod Gammarus pulex pulex (L.,1758). Turk. J. Zool.24 :409-415

Brammer, J.D. and Puyear, R.L. (1982). Identification and qualification of water soluble components of outboard motor exhaust and of gasoline in a North Dakota Lake, and a determination of their biological effects upon selected freshwater organism. North Dakota Water Resources Institute, Fargo. https://doi.org/10.3133/908

Brunges, W. A., Carlson, R. W., Horning, W. B., McCormick, J. H., Spehar, R. L. and Yount, J. D. (1978). Effects of pollution on freshwater fish. J. Wat. Pollut. Control Fed., 50, 1582 – 1636.

Bryant, V., Newbery, D.M., McLusky, D. S. and Campbell, R. (1985). Effect of temperature and salinity on the toxicity of nickel and zinc to two estuarine invertebrates (Corophium volutator and Macoma balthica). Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 24:139 – 153. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps024139

Chimezie, A. and Herbert, C. (2006). Determination of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in selected water bodies in the Niger Delta. African J. of Biotechnology. 5(21): 2024 – 2031.

Duncan, D. B. (1955). Multiple range and multiple F tests. Biometrics, 11(1), 1-42.

Esteves, F.A. (1988). Fundamentos de limnologia . rio de Janeiro, Interciênca/FINEP.

European Commission Regulation (ECR)(2006). Setting maximum levels for certain contaminants in foodstuff. Official journal of the European Union 1881: 5 – 24.

Farhadian, A. Jinap S., Hanifah H.N., Zaidul I.S. (2011). Effects of meat preheating and wrapping on the levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in charcoal-grilled meat. Food Chem. 141-146pp. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.05.116

Gabriel, U. U., Amakiriand, E. U., and Ezeri, G. N. O. (2007) hematology and Gill Pathology of Clarias gariepinus Exposed to Refined Petroleum Oil, Kerosene under Laboratory Conditions. Journal of Animal and veterinary advances 6(3): 461 -465.

Galmiche, M., Delhomme, O., François, Y. N., & Millet, M. (2021). Environmental analysis of polar and non-polar polycyclic aromatic compounds in airborne particulate matter, settled dust and soot: part II: instrumental analysis and occurrence. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 134, 116146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2020.116146

Garcia-Falcon, M.S. and Simal-Gandara, J.(2005).Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in smoke from different wood and their transfer during traditional smoking into chorizo sausages with collagen and tripe casings .Food Addit. Contam. ,22 :1-8. https://doi.org/10.1080/02652030400023119

Hedtke, S.F. and Puglisi, F.A. (1982). Short-ter toxicity of five oils to four freshwater species .Arch, Environ.Contam.Toxicol.,11: 425-430. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01056068

Jack, I. R., Fekarurhobo, G. K., Igwe, F. U. and Okorosaye-Orobite, K. (2005). Determination of total hydrocarbonslevel in some marine organization from some towns within the Rivers State of Nigeria. Journal of AppliedScience and Environmental Management. 9(3): 59-61. https://doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v9i3.17353

Jingxi, M., Shuqing, W., Ravi-Shekhar, N. V., Biswas, S. and AnoopKumar, S.(2020).Determination of Physicochemical Parameters and Levels of Heavy Metals in Food Waste Water with Environmental Effects. Bioinorganic Chemistry and Applications. Volume 2020, Article ID 8886093, 9 pages. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8886093

Keke, I.R. (1997). Laboratory uptake of petroleum hydrocarbons by fresh water fishes from the Niger Delta, Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Biotechnology, 6: 190-197.

Liu, B. R., Romaire, P. D., Elaune, R. D.and Lindau, C. W. (2006). Field investigation on the toxicity of Alaska North Slope crude oil and dispersed ANSC elude to Gulf Killifish, Eastern Oyster and White Shrimp. Chem. 62:520 – 526. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.06.054

Manh, T.T., Quoc, H.A. and Takahashi, S.(2019) “Analysis and evaluation of contamination status of PAHs in settled house and road dust samples from Hanoi,” VNU Journal of Science: Natural Sciences and Technology. 35: 4, 63–71. https://doi.org/10.25073/2588-1140/vnunst.4943

Mitchell, D. M. and Bennett, H. J. (1972). The susceptibility of bluegillsun-fish, Lepomis macrochirus, and channelcatfish, Ictalurus punctatus, to emulsifiers and crude oil.Proc. Louisiana Acad. Sci., 35: 20 - 26.

Morrow, J. E., Geritz, R. L., and Kirton, M. P. (1975). Effects of some components of crude oilon young cohosalmon. Copeia,75:326 - 333. https://doi.org/10.2307/1442886

Nicolas, J.M. (1999). Vitellogenesis in fish and the effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contaminants. Aquat.Toxicol., 45:77-90. Sunmonu, T. O. and Oloyede, O. B., (2006). Changes in Liver Enzyme Activities in African Catfish (Clariasgariepinus) exposed to Crude Oil. Asian Fisheries Science 19(2006):107-112. https://doi.org/10.33997/j.afs.2006.19.2.002

Orowe, A.U (2016). Bioremediation Effect with Aqueous Moringa oleifera Leaf Extract on the Growth and Reproduction of Clarias gariepinus Recovered from Crude Oil Polluted Water (2016). Ph.D Thesis presented to School of Post Graduate Studies, University of Benin, Benin City

Orowe, A.U and Oguzie, F.A. (2015). The concentrations of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) and Simple Aliphatic Hydrocarbons(SAHs) in the African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) juveniles exposed to crude oil. Book of proceedings, University of Benin Annual Research Day (UBARD) Conference. pp 407-411.

Orowe, A.U., Oguzie, F.A. and Ikponmwen, E. G. (2017). Histological Changes in the Gills of Juvenile African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) Exposed to Crude Oil. Nigerian Journal of Fisheries 14: 1&2.1147-1152

Orowe, A.U., Oguzie, F.A. and Sado, O. M. (2015). Haematological changes in Juvenile African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) Exposed to Crude Oil. Journal of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries.14:14-17

Saloom, M. E., & Scot Duncan, R. (2005). Low dissolved oxygen levels reduce anti‐predation behaviours of the freshwater clam Corbicula fluminea. Freshwater Biology, 50(7), 1233-1238. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.2005.01396.x

Scott, B.F., Nagay, E., Dutka, B.J., Sherry, J.P., Taylor, W.D., Glooschenko, V., Wade, P.J. & Hart, J. (1984a). The fate and impact of oil and oil-dispersant mixtures in freshwater pond ecosystems: Introduction. Sci. Total Environ., 35:105 – 113. https://doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(84)90057-3

Silva, B.O., Adetunde, O.T., Oluseyi, T.O., Olayinka, K.O. and Alo, B. I. (2011). Effects of the methods of smoking on the levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in some locally consumed fishes in Nigeria. African Journal of Food Science, 5(7): 384-391.

Šimko, P. (2002). Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in smoked meat products and smoke flavouring food additives. B: Analytical Technologies in the Biomedical and life Sciences, J Chromatogra.,777: 3-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0378-4347(01)00438-8

Sunmonu, T. O. and Oloyede, O. B., (2006). Changes in Liver Enzyme Activities in African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) exposed to Crude Oil. Asian Fisheries Science19:107 – 112. https://doi.org/10.33997/j.afs.2006.19.2.002

Sunmonu, T. O., & Oloyede, O. B. (2007). Biochemical assessment of the effects of crude oil contaminated catfish (Clarias gariepinus) on the hepatocytes and performance of rat. African Journal of Biochemistry Research, 1(5), 083-089. https://doi.org/10.33997/j.afs.2006.19.2.002

Tanck, M. W. T., Booms, G. H. R., Eding, E. H., Bonga, S. W., & Komen, J. (2000). Cold shocks: a stressor for common carp. Journal of fish Biology, 57(4), 881-894. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2000.tb02199.x

Ubani, C. S., Onwurah, I. N. E. and Allumamah, E. (2006). Octanol/Water partition coefficient and bioaccumulation index of bonny light crude oil in cat fish Clarias agboyiensis in laboratory-dosed sediments. Animal Research International (2006) 3(1): 422 – 425. https://doi.org/10.4314/ari.v3i1.40763

Ullrich, S.O. Jr. & Milleann, R.E. (1983). Survival, respiration, and food assimilation of Dapnia magna exposed to petroleum and coal-derived oils at three temperatures. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci.,40: 17 – 26. https://doi.org/10.1139/f83-004

Val, A.L. and Almeida-Val, V.M.F. (1999). Effects of crude oil on respiratory aspects of some fish species of the Amazon. In: Val, A. L., Almeida-Val, V.M.F. (Eds.), Biology of Tropical Fish, INPA, Manaus Basil, 277 – 291pp. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfb.12896

Vu-Duc, N., Phung Thi, L. A., Le-Minh, T., Nguyen, L. A., Nguyen-Thi, H., Pham-Thi, L. H., ... & Chu, D. B. (2021). Analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon in airborne particulate matter samples by gas chromatography in combination with tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). Journal of analytical methods in chemistry, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6641326

Wangboje, O.M. and Opobo, J.(2019). Potential Carcinogenic Risk from Hydrocarbon in Selected smoke fish species from a typical market in West Africa, IJRRAS, 411(41): 1-10.

Wretling, S., Eriksson, A., Eskhultb, G.A., & Larson, B. (2010). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Swedish smoked meats and fish. J. of Food Composition and Analysis,23(1): 264 – 272. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2009.10.003

Graphic Abstract

Downloads

Published

2022-03-31

Issue

Section

Articles

How to Cite

Concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) juveniles exposed to crude oil contaminated water. (2022). Chemistry of the Total Environment, 2(1), 10-16. https://doi.org/10.52493/j.cote.2022.2.31