Articles
Assessment of organic manures and fertilizers on growth and yield of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench cv. ‘Arka Anamika’) in morang, Nepal using variability, correlation, and path analysis
Abstract
Okra is an important culinary vegetable cultivated extensively in sub-tropical regions of Nepal and India. This study was conducted in Morang, Nepal, using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) to evaluate the impact of various organic manures and fertilizers on okra yield and to apply statistical tools for optimizing breeding practices. The treatments included NPK (recommended dose), farmyard manure (FYM), goat manure, vermicompost + FYM, jholmol, mustard seed cake, and a control. The results showed significant treatment effects, with goat manure yielding the highest fresh pod yield (52.15 g/plant), while the control showed the lowest (40.56 g/plant). Path coefficient analysis revealed that plant height (direct effect = 1.79) and the number of pods (direct effect = 0.96) had the strongest direct effects on fresh pod yield. Correlation analysis showed a strong positive correlation between fresh pod yield and the number of pods (r = 0.90) and fresh pod weight (r = 0.84). The study supports the use of organic fertilizers, especially goat manure, for sustainable okra production and highlights the value of path analysis in identifying indirect traits like plant height and pod number to enhance selection for yield in breeding programs.
Keywords
- Organic Farming
- okra
- path coefficient
- ANOVA
- plant science
References
Aboyeji, C. M. (2022). Effects of application of organic formulated fertilizer and composted Tithonia diversifolia leaves on the growth, yield and quality of okra. Biological Agriculture & Horticulture, 38(1), 17–28. https://doi.org/10.1080/01448765.2021.1960604
Adeniji, O. T., & Aremu, C. O. (2007). Interrelationships among Characters and Path Analysis for Pod Yield Components in West Africa Okra (Abelmoschus caillei (A. Chev) Stevels). Journal of Agronomy, 6(1), 162–166. https://scialert.net/abstract/?doi=ja.2007.162.166
Al-Juboori, A. W. A. (2021). Evaluation Yield of Okra with Associated Traits Using Analysis Correlation and Path. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 761(1), 012036. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/761/1/012036
Alam, K., Singh, M. K., Kumar, M., Singh, A., Kumar, V., Ahmad, M., & Keshari, D. (2020). Estimation of genetic variability, correlation and path coefficient in okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench). Journal of Pharmacognsy and Phytochemistry, 9(5), 1484–1487. https://www.phytojournal.com/archives/2020/vol9issue5/PartU/9-5-257-769.pdf
Aman, J., Bantte, K., Alamerew, S., & Sbhatu, D. B. (2020). Correlation and Path Coefficient Analysis of Yield and Yield Components of Quality Protein Maize (Zea mays L.) Hybrids at Jimma, Western Ethiopia. International Journal of Agronomy, 2020(1), 9651537. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/9651537
Anwar, F., Rashid, U., Mahmood, Z., Iqbal, T., & Sherazi, T. H. (2011). Inter-varietal variation in the composition of Okra (Hibiscus Esculentus L.) seed oil. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 43(1), 271–280. https://www.pakbs.org/pjbot/PDFs/43(1)/PJB43(1)271.pdf
Ariyo, O. J., Aken’ova, M. E., & Fatokun, C. A. (1987). Plant character correlations and path analysis of pod yield in okra (Abelmoschus esculentus). Euphytica, 36(2), 677–686. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00041518
Awodun, M. A. (2007). Effect of goat manure and urea fertilizer on soil, growth and yield of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench. International Journal of Agricultural Research, 2(7), 632–636. https://scialert.net/fulltext/?doi=ijar.2007.632.636
Babatunde, R. O., Omotesho, O. A., & Sholotan, O. S. (2007). Socio-economics characteristics and food security status of farming households in Kwara State, north-central Nigeria. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, 6(1), 49–58. https://doi.org/10.3923/pjn.2007.49.58
Bernardo, R. (2020). Breeding for Quantitative Traits in Plants (Third). CRC Press
Bhattarai, B., Belbase, G., Bhattarai, K., Yadav, R., Pandey, S., Pathak, R., & Poudel, P. (2020). Effect of different doses of micronutrients with phosphate solubilizing bacteria on growth, yield and quality of broccoli (Brassica oleraceae). Research on Crops, 21, 748–755. https://doi.org/10.31830/2348-7542.2020.116
Ejaz-Ul-Hasan, Mustafa, H. S. B., Bibi, T., & Mahmood, T. (2013). Genetic variability, correlation and path analysis in advanced lines of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) for yield components. https://repository.iuls.ro/xmlui/handle/20.500.12811/1650
El-Shaieny, A. a. H., & Bashandy, T. (2022). Effect of Planting Dates on Growth, Yield and Physiological Traits of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench.), and Field Evaluation for Heat Tolerance. Journal of Plant Production, 13(5), 141–150. https://doi.org/10.21608/jpp.2022.131524.1104
Jaja, E. T. & Ibeawuch, I. I. (2015). EFFECT OF ORGANIC AND INORGANIC MANURE MIXTURE RATES ON THE PRODUCTIVITY OF OKRA. INT’L JOURNAL OF AGRIC. AND RURAL DEV., 18(1), 2085–2091. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280078581_EFFECT_OF_ORGANIC_AND_INORGANIC_MANURE_MIXTURE_RATES_ON_THE_PRODUCTIVITY_OF_OKRA
Engball, B., Ginting, D., Shapiro, C. A., Schepers, J. S., & Bauer, C. J. (2002). Manure as Carbon Source for Soil Improvement and Crop Production: Site-specific Application. Great Plains Soil Fertility Conference, 9, 22–28. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/188128782.pdf
Epskamp, S. (2013). semPlot: Path Diagrams and Visual Analysis of Various SEM Packages’ Output (p. 1.1.6) [Dataset]. https://doi.org/10.32614/CRAN.package.semPlot
Falconer, D. S., & Mackay, T. F. C. (1996). Introduction to Quantitative Genetics (Vol. 167). Pearson Education
Gana, K., & Broc, G. (2019). Structural Equation Modeling with lavaan. John Wiley & Sons. https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=QMOCDwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP2&dq=lavaanPlot+package+in+R&ots=VmoMgZ9D6L&sig=riTmLcWzK2Le75fXM5Sx0oqDXiM#v=onepage&q&f=false
Ghimire, D., Gurung, A., Kunwar, S., Paudel, A., Poudel, R. P., & Kohar, G. R. (2020). Variability, Correlation and Path Coefficient Analysis for Agro-Morphological Traits in Lentil (Lens culinaris) Genotypes. Syrian Journal of Agriculture Research, 7(3), 480–489. https://agri-research-journal.net/sjar/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/v7n3p38.pdf
Gichangi, E. M., Mnkeni ,Pearson N. S., & and Brookes, P. C. (2009). Effects of goat manure and inorganic phosphate addition on soil inorganic and microbial biomass phosphorus fractions under laboratory incubation conditions. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 55(6), 764–771. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-0765.2009.00415.x
Harisha, S., Tomar, B., Yadav, R., & Singh, N. (2022). Effect of time of planting and spacing on the quality seed production of okra cv. Pusa Bhindi-5. Vegetable Science, 49(01), 86–90. https://doi.org/10.61180/vegsci.2022.v49.i1.13
IPI, I. P. I. (1982). Optimizing yields. The role of fertilizers. Preprints of the Papers to Be Presented on Occasion of the 12th IPI Congress, 214. https://www.ipipotash.org/uploads/udocs/optimiziing_yields_the_role_of_fertilizers.pdf
Ishwar, R., Mehata, D. K., Sah, B. K., Chaudhary, A., Subedi, A., Magar, S. P., Khati, J., Yadav, R. R., Neupane, S., & Acharya, R. (2024). Evaluating the response of Different Chemical and Organic Fertilizers on Carrot Vegetative and Reproductive Characteristics in Gothgaun, Nepal. Turkish Journal of Food and Agriculture Sciences, 6(1), 72–82. https://doi.org/10.53663/turjfas.1427662
Jha, R. K., Neupane, R. B., Khatiwada, A., Pandit, S., & Dahal, B. R. (2018). Effect of different spacing and mulching on growth and yield of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) in Chitwan, Nepal. Journal of Agriculture and Natural Resources, 1(1), 168–178. https://doi.org/10.3126/janr.v1i1.22232
Jagdish. (2024). Fertilizer Management for Okra: Dose, NPK, and Schedule. Agrifarming. https://www.agrifarming.in/fertilizer-management-for-okra-dose-npk-and-schedule
Kumar, M. E. C., Madhusudana, M. K., Reddy, N. V. E., & Rathod, P. (2012). Influence of organic manures and bio-fertilizers on yield and quality of stevia (Stevia Rebaudiana). Plant Archives, 12(1), 299–302. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/289759822_Influence_of_organic_manures_and_bio-fertilizers_on_yield_and_quality_of_stevia_Stevia_Rebaudiana
Kumar, V., Chopra, A. K., Srivastava, S., Singh, J., & Thakur, R. K. (2017). Irrigating okra with secondary treated municipal wastewater: Observations regarding plant growth and soil characteristics. International Journal of Phytoremediation, 19(5), 490–499. https://doi.org/10.1080/15226514.2016.1244169
Narkhede, G. W., Deshmukh, S. B., Mahajan, R. C., & Shinde, S. M. (2015). Correlation coefficient and Path analysis studies in Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Monech). Ecology, Environment and Conservation, 21(1), 285–288. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Gopal-Narkhede/publication/298074432_Correlation_coefficient_and_Path_analysis_studies_in_Okra_Abelmoschus_esculentus_L_Monech/links/5d3f0e5e299bf1995b54f04c/Correlation-coefficient-and-Path-analysis-studies-in-Okra-Abelmoschus-esculentus-L-Monech.pdf
Ojeniyi, S. O., Akanni, D. A., & Awodun, M. A. (2007). Effect of goat manure on some soil properties and growth, yield and nutrient status of tomato. University of Khartoum Journal of Agricultural Sciences (Sudan), 15(3). https://agris.fao.org/search/en/records/64724b5608fd68d54600b5b6
Purquerio, L. F. V., do Lago, A. A., & Passos, F. A. (2010). Germination and hardseedness of seeds in okra elite lines. Horticultura Brasileira, 28(2), 232–235. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0102-05362010000200017
R Core Team. (2024). R: A language and environment for statistical computing (Version 4.4.1) [Eng]. R Foundation for Statistical Computing. https://www.R-project.org/
Shiyam, J. O., Binang, W. B., & Stephen. (2016). EFFECT OF ANIMAL MANURE ON SOIL NUTRIENTS REPLISHMENT AND PERFORMANCE OF OKRA (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) GROWN ON DEGRADED SANDY SOIL IN CALABAR, NIGERIA. 1(October), 20–31. http://www.scirea.org/journal/Environmental
Sumbul, A., Rizvi, R., Mahmood, I., & Ali Ansari, R. (2015). Oil-cake amendments: Useful tools for the management of phytonematodes. Asian Journal of Plant Pathology, 9(3), 91–111. https://doi.org/10.3923/ajppaj.2015.91.111
Tiamiyu, R. A., Ahmed, H. G., & Muhammad, A. S. (2012). Effect of Sources of Organic Manure on Growth and Yields of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) in Sokoto, Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 20(3), 213–216. https://www.ajol.info/index.php/njbas/article/view/85346
Tilahun, T., Bezie, Y., Petros, Y., Dessalegn, Y., & Taye, M. (2022). Correlation and path coefficient analysis of green pod yield and yield attributing traits of chili (Capsicum annum L.) genotypes in Ethiopia. All Life, 15(1), 203–210. https://doi.org/10.1080/26895293.2022.2037472
Usman, M. G., Rafii, M. Y., Martini, M. Y., Oladosu, Y., & Kashiani, P. (2017). Genotypic character relationship and phenotypic path coefficient analysis in chili pepper genotypes grown under tropical condition. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 97(4), 1164–1171. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.7843
Yadav, R. K., Syamal, M. M., Kumar, M., Pandiyaraj, P., Nagaraju, K., & Kaushal, A. (2017). CORRELATION AND PATH ANALYSES FOR FRUIT YIELD AND ITS COMPONENT TRAITS IN OKRA [Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench] GENOTYPES. International Journal of Agriculture Sciences, 9(13), 4063–4067. https://drive.google.com/file/d/1bwA85k08Y7hkb0tWJQ5KYmdFflyiUQcj/view.
